Reference material, World War Two, 1939-1945

References on this page: LIDDELL HART: 15/4/229-266

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/229-240 Official despatches, 1941-1951. Papers dated 1941-1951

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/229

1941 Oct

Supplement to the London Gazette with despatches on the deployment, operations and evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force, France, 3 Sep 1939-3 Jun 1940, by Gen John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, Commander-in-Chief, British Expeditionary Force, (17 Oct 1941); typescript summary of despatches by Gen john Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, 10 Oct 1941. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/230

1946-1948

Nine editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to the Middle East theatre of operations, 1939-1944, including despatches on Middle East and Western Desert operations, Aug 1939-7 Feb 1941, by Gen Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, 13 and 26 Jun 1946; despatch, 19 Sep 1946, on air operations in the Middle East, 1 Jan-3 May 1941, by ACM Sir Arthur Longmore, Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, RAF Middle East; despatch, 14 Aug 1946, on operations in Iraq, east Syria and Iran, 10 Apr 1941-12 Jan 1942, by Gen Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, Commander-in-Chief, India; despatches, 21 Aug 1946 and 15 Jan 1948, on operations in the Middle East, 5 Jul 1941-15 Aug 1942, by Gen Sir Claude (John Eyre) Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief, Middle East Forces; despatch ,28 Aug 1946, on the Persia and Iraq Command, 21 Aug 1942-17 Feb 1943, by Gen Sir (Henry) Maitland Wilson, Commander-in-Chief, Persia and Iraq Command; despatch ,6 Nov 1946, on operations in north-west Africa, 8 Nov 1942-13 May 1943, by Lt Gen Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson, General Officer Commander-in-Chief, 1 Army; despatch, 13 Nov 1946, on operations in the Middle East, 16 Feb 1943-8 Jan 1944, by Gen Sir Maitland Wilson, Commander-in-Chief, Middle East Forces. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/231

1946-1948

Five editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to air operations in Europe and UK anti-aircraft defences, 1939-1945, including despatch, 16 Sep 1948, on RAF Fighter Command operations, 25 Nov 1940-31 Dec 1941, by MRAF Sir (William) Sholto Douglas, former Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Fighter Command; despatch, 9 Jan 1947, on air operations in Greece, 1940-1941, by AVM John Henry D'Albiac, commanding RAF in Greece; despatch, 2 Jan 1947, on operations by the Allied Expeditionary Air Force in north-west Europe, 15 Nov 1943-30 Sep 1944, by ACM Sir Trafford Leigh Leigh-Mallory, Air Commander-in-Chief, Allied Expeditionary Airforce; despatch, 30 Oct 1947, on operations by RAF Coastal Command in support of Operation OVERLORD and the liberation of Europe, May-Aug 1944, by ACM Sir (William) Sholto Douglas, Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Coastal Command; despatch, 18 Dec 1947, on the anti-aircraft defence of the UK, 28 Jul 1939-15 Apr 1945, by Gen Sir Frederick Alfred Pile, General Officer Commander-in-Chief, Anti-Aircraft Command. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/232

1946-1951

Reports and despatches on the Mediterranean theatre of operations, 1943-1945, including Report by the supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Italian campaign, 8 Jan 1944 to 10 May 1944, FM Sir (Henry) Maitland Wilson, (HMSO, London, 1946); Report by the supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Italian campaign, 10 May 1944 to 12 Dec 1944, FM (Henry) Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson of Libya and Stowlangtoft, (HMSO, London, 1948); reports and despatches by FM Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Viscount Alexander of Tunis, entitled Report by the supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean to the Combined Chiefs of Staff, Greece 1944-1945 (HMSO, London, 1949), The Italian campaign, 12 Dec 1944 to 2 May 1945, a report to the Combined Chiefs of Staff by the supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean (HMSO, London, 1951), two editions of Supplement to the London Gazette with despatch, 12 Feb 1948, on the conquest of Sicily, 10 Jul-17 Aug 1943; despatch, 12 Jun 1950, on the Allied armies in Italy, 3 Sep 1943-12 Dec 1944. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/233

1947-1948

Three editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to naval operations in the Mediterranean, 1940-1943, including despatch, 5 May 1948, on naval engagement with units of the Italian fleet off Cape Spartivento, Sardinia, 27 Nov 1940, by V Adm Sir James Somerville, Flag Officer Commanding Force H; despatch, 18 Sep 1947 on the Battle of Sirte, 22 Mar 1942, by Adm Sir Henry Harwood Harwood, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean; despatch, 11 Oct 1948, on naval operations in the Aegean, 7 Sep-28 Nov 1943, by V Adm Sir Algernon Usborne Willis, Commander-in-Chief, Levant. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/234

1947-1950

Fifteen editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to the war at sea, 1939-1945, including despatch, 19 Jun 1947, on the Battle of the River Plate, 13 Dec 1939, by R Adm Henry Harwood Harwood, commanding RN South American Division; despatch, 24 Jul 1947, on the Fleet Air Arm attack at Taranto, 11 Nov 1940, by Adm Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean; despatch, 16 Oct 1947, on the sinking of the German battleship BISMARCK, 27 May 1941, by Adm Sir John Cronyn Tovey, Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet; despatch, 2 Oct 1947, on the attack on St Nazaire, 28 Mar 1942, by AF Sir Charles Morton Forbes, Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth; despatch, 4 Mar 1948, on the capture of Diego Suarez, Madagascar, 25 Apr-9 May 1942, by R Adm (Edward) Neville Syfret, Flag Officer Commanding, Force F; despatch, 11 Feb 1948, on Operation SOURCE, the attack on TIRPITZ by X-craft midget submarines, 22 Sep 1943, by R Adm Claud Barrington Barry, Adm (Submarines); despatch, 7 Aug 1947, on the sinking of the German battlecruiser SCHARNHORST, 26 Dec 1943, by Adm Sir Bruce Austin Fraser, Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet; despatch, 30 Oct 1947, on Operation NEPTUNE, the assault phase of the Normandy landings, 6 Jun 1944, by Adm Sir Bertram Home Ramsay, Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief; despatch, 8 Jan 1948, on the final stages of the naval war in north-west Europe, 1945, by Adm Sir Harold Martin Burrough, RN Commander-in-Chief, Germany. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/235

1947-1950

Ten editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to despatches by Adm Sir Andrew (Browne) Cunningham, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, on naval operations in the Mediterranean, 1940-1943, including naval engagement of 9 Jul 1940 with units of the Italian fleet off Calabria, Italy, (28 Apr 1948); convoy operations, Jan 1941-Aug 1942, including Operations EXCESS, Jan 1941, HALBERD, Aug-Sep 1941, HARPOON, Jun 1942, and PEDESTAL, Aug 1942, (11 Aug 1948); Battle of Matapan, 27-30 Mar 1941, (31 Jul 1947); operations in support of the Army in Greece, Mar-Apr 1941, (19 May 1948); Battle of Crete, 15-27 May 1941, (24 May 1948); Operation TORCH, the Allied landings in North Africa, 22 Oct-17 Nov 1942, (23 Mar 1949); Operation HUSKY, the Allied invasion of Sicily, Jul 1943, (28 Apr 1950); Operation AVALANCHE, Allied landings at Salerno, Italy, 9 Sep 1943, (2 May 1950). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/236

1948 Jan-Feb

Four editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to operations in the Far East, 1940-1942, including despatch, 22 Jan 1948, on operations in the Far East, 17 Oct 1940-27 Dec 1941, by ACM Sir (Henry) Robert (Moore) Brooke-Popham, Commander-in-Chief, Far East; despatch, 29 Jan 1948, on operations in Hong Kong, 8-25 Dec 1941, by Maj Gen Christopher Michael Maltby, General Officer Commanding, British troops in China; despatch, 26 Feb 1948, on the sinking of HMS PRINCE OF WALES and HMS REPULSE, 10 Dec 1941, by V Adm Sir Geoffrey Layton, Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet; despatch, 26 Feb 1948, on operations of Malaya Command, 8 Dec 1941-15 Feb 1942, by Lt Gen Arthur Ernest Percival, General Officer Commanding, Malaya. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/237

1948 Feb 5

Supplement to the London Gazette, 5 Feb 1948 with despatch on the North African campaign from El Alamein to Tunis, 10 Aug 1942-13 May 1943, by FM Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Viscount Alexander of Tunis, former Commander-in-Chief, Middle East Forces and 18 Army Group. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/238

1948 Apr-Jul

Three editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to naval operations in the Far East, 1942-1945, including despatch, 7 Jul 1948, on the Battle of the Java Sea, 27 Feb 1942, by Cdre John Augustine Collins, Royal Australian Navy, Cdre Commanding China Force; despatch, 26 Apr 1948, on naval operations in Ramree Island area, Burma, 19 Jan-22 Feb 1945, by V Adm Sir Arthur (John) Power, Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station; despatch, 2 Jun 1948, on Operation ICEBERG, RN Pacific Fleet contribution to the Allied assault on Okinawa, Mar-Apr 1945, by Adm Sir Bruce Austin Fraser, Commander-in-Chief, British Pacific Fleet. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/239

1948-1951

Six editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to operations in Burma and India, 1941-1945, including despatch, 11 Mar 1948, on operations in Burma, 15 Dec 1941-20 May 1942, by Gen Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, Commander-in-Chief, India; despatch, 22 Apr 1948, on operations in India Command, 1 Jan-20 Jun 1943, by FM Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, Commander-in-Chief, India; despatch, 29 Apr 1948, on operations in the Indo-Burma theatre based on India, 21 Jun-15 Nov 1943, by FM Sir Claude (John Eyre) Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief, India; despatches, 19 and 30 Mar 1951, on operations in Burma and north-east India, 16 Nov 1943-12 Nov 1944, by Gen Sir George (Le Quesne) Giffard, Commander-in-Chief, 11 Army Group, South East Asia Command; three maps for use with Army despatches of the Burma campaign, showing Burma, Arakan and Akyab area, main physical features of eastern India, Assam and Burma (HMSO, London, 1951); despatch, 12 Apr 1951, on operations in Burma, 123 Nov 1944-15 Aug 1945, by Lt Gen Sir Oliver William Hargreaves Leese, Commander-in-Chief, Allied Land Forces, South East Asia Command. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/240

1948-1951

Six editions of Supplement to the London Gazette relating to air operations in the Far East, 1941-1945, including despatch, 26 Feb 1948, on air operations in Malaya and Netherlands East Indies campaigns, 8 Dec 1941-12 Mar 1942, by AVM Sir Paul (Copeland) Maltby, Air Officer Commanding RAF in Java; despatch, 11 Mar 1948, on air operations in Burma and the Bay of Bengal, 1 Jan-22 May 1942, by AVM Donald Fasken Stevenson, Air Officer Commanding RAF in Burma; despatch, 19 Mar 1951, on air operations in south-east Asia, 16 Nov 1943-31 May 1944, by ACM Sir Richard Edmund Charles Peirse, Allied Air Commander-in-Chief, South East Asia Command; three maps for use with air despatches of the Burma campaign, showing Burma, Arakan and Akyab area, main physical features of eastern India, Assam and Burma (HMSO, London, 1951); despatch, 5 Apr 1951, on Operation MERIDIAN, the Fleet Air Arm attack on oil refineries at Palembang, Sumatra, Jan 1945, by Adm Sir Arthur (John) Power, Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station; despatches, 12 and 19 Apr 1951, on air operations in south-east Asia, 1 Jun 1944-12 Sep 1945, by ACM Sir Keith Rodney Park, Allied Air Commander-in-Chief, South East Asia Command. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/241-244 'Notes from theatres of war', 1942-1945

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/241

1942 Feb-Oct

'Notes from theatres of war' (Nos. 1-10, War Office, Feb-Oct 1942; Nos 8-10 in galley proof) including Cyrenaica, Libya, and Western Desert, Nov 1941-Jun 1942; USSR, Jan-Apr 1942; the Far East, Dec 1941-May 1942; Madagascar, May 1942. 10 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/242

1943 Feb-Oct

'Notes from theatres of war' (Nos. 11-16, War Office, Feb-Oct 1943) including Dieppe raid, 19 Aug 1942; south-west Pacific, Aug 1942-Mar 1943; North Africa, Algeria and Tunisia, Nov 1942-May 1943; Western Desert and Cyrenaica, Libya, Aug-Dec 1942. 6 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/243

1944 May-Dec

'Notes from theatres of war' (Nos. 17-18, War Office, May-Dec 1944) including Far East, Apr-Nov 1943; Pacific, 1943-1944, with enclosed printed map of Pacific Ocean, Asia and eastern Africa, scale 1: 27, 045,216 2 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/244

1945 May-Jun

'Notes from theatres of war' (Nos. 19-21, War Office, May-Jun 1945) including Burma, 1943-1944; Italy, 1943-1944, with enclosed map of southern Italy, scale 1: 1,013,760; partisan warfare, 1945. 3 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/245-248 'Current reports from overseas', 1943-1945

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/245

1943 May-Dec

'Current reports from overseas' (Nos. 2-4, 6-26, War Office, May-Dec 1943), including reports on North African campaign, Mar-May 1943; Sicily, Jul-Aug 1943; Italy, Sep-Oct 1943. 24 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/246

1943 Nov-1944 May

Typescript extracts from 'Current reports from overseas' (Nos. 22-23, 31, 33-36, War Office, 6 Nov 1943-6 May 1944). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/247

1944 Jan-Dec

'Current reports from overseas' (Nos. 27-69, War Office, Jan-Dec 1944), including reports on New Guinea, Sep-Oct 1943; Italy, Oct 1943-Jun 1944; Burma, Jan-Aug 1944; Normandy, France, Jun-Aug 1944; Arnhem, Sep 1944. 43 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/248

1945 Jan-Sep

'Current reports from overseas' (Nos. 70-84, 86-89, 91-96, War Office, Jan-Sep 1945), including reports on Italy, Aug 1944-Apr 1945; north-west Europe, Oct 1944-May 1945; Burma, Nov 1944-Aug 1945. 25 booklets

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/249-253 Bulletin of International News, 1939-1943

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/249

1939 Jan 14-1939 Dec 13

The Bulletin of International News, Vol 16, Nos. 1-26 (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/250

1940 Jan 13-1940 Dec 31

The Bulletin of International News, Vol 17, Nos. 1-26 (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/251

1941 Jan 11-1941 Dec 27

The Bulletin of International News, Vol 18, Nos. 1-26 (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/252

1942 Jan 10-1942 Dec 26

The Bulletin of International News, Vol 19, Nos. 1-26 (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/253

1943 Jan 9-1943 Dec 25

The Bulletin of International News, Vol 20, Nos. 1-26 (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/254-255 Bulletin of the Institute of Statistics, 1944-1945

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/254

1944 Jul 1-1944 Dec 4

Bulletin of the Institute of Statistics, Vol 6, Nos. 9-17, Oxford. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/255

1945 Jan 13-1945 Dec 15

Bulletin of the Institute of Statistics, Vol 7, Nos. 1-17, Oxford. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/256-257 Chronology of International Events and Documents, 1945-1946

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/256

1945 Jun 19-1945 Dec 19

Chronology of International Events and Documents, Vol 1, Nos. 1, 3-12, supplement to The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/257

1945 Dec 20-1946 Dec 22

Chronology of International Events and Documents, Vol 2, Nos. 1-19, 21-24, supplement to The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/258-266 Pamphlets and journals, 1930-1960

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/258

1930, 1938

Publications relating to the origins of World War Two, including The lie about the war by Douglas Jerrold (Faber and Faber, London, 1930); House of Commons, Wednesday, 5 October 1938, The Munich Agreement: speech by Mr Harold Nicolson, MP, printed extract from Official Report (HMSO, London, 1938); Appeasement or peril?, printed extracts from The Yorkshire Post, Dec 1938. 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/259

1931-1939

Publications relating to the Nazi Party, Nazi policies and the German state, 1931-1939, including The programme of the Party of Hitler, the National Socialist German Workers' Party and its General Conceptions by Gottfried Feder, translated from the German by Edgar Trevelyan Stratford Dugdale (F E N, Munich, 1931); The persecution of the Jews in Germany edited by Leonard Jacques Stein (Joint Foreign Committee of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1933); What I learned in Nazi Germany by US Maj Frank Pease (American Defender Press, New York, 1933); Germany's Foreign Policy as stated in 'Mein Kampf' by Adolf Hitler, with a foreword by Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl, MP (Friends of Europe, London, 1936); Germany tells the world: an account of four years of Nazi Foreign Policy, Mar 1933-Mar 1937 (The Union of Democratic Control, London, 1937); The Church Struggle in Germany, a survey of four crucial years by an English Christian (Kulturkampf Association, London, 1937); 'Kultur' as a symbol in peace and in war by Sir Philip Joseph Hartog (Le Play House Press, London, 1938), reprinted from The Sociological Review (Oct 1938); Papers concerning the Treatment of German Nationals in Germany, 1938-1939 (HMSO, London, 1939). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/260

1939, 1944

Two pamphlets by Sir Walter Thomas Layton entitled Allied war aims (News Chronicle, London, 1939) and How to deal with Germany. A plan for European peace (News Chronicle, London, 1944). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/261

1939-1944

Publications relating to British war policy, 1939-1944, including The British case by Rt Hon George Ambrose Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Dolobran (Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1939); A conditional justification of war by William Temple, Archbishop of York (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1940); How the war will be won by Capt Bernard Acworth RN (Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1940); World Order Papers No. 3, Peace by federation? by Sir William Henry Beveridge (The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1940); The Case for an early peace by Charles Roden Buxton (The Friends' Peace Committee, London, 1940); Offensive against Germany by Sebastian Haffer (Secker and Warburg, London, 1941); Official statements of war and peace aims II. European belligerents (with appendix of relevant documents) 1 Sep 1940-28 Feb 1941 (Geneva Research Centre, Geneva, 1941); The last peace and the next by Sir Geoffrey George Knox (Hutchinson and Company, London, 1942); Principles or prejudices by Kenneth (William Murray) Pickthorn (Signpost Press, London, 1943); Stop massacre bombing! An appeal to all belligerents by Vera Brittain (Bombing Restriction Committee, London, 1944); Foreign Policy past and future by Francis W Hirst (Cobden Club, Sussex, 1944); House of Lords, Tuesday, 26 September 1944, Occupation of Germany: speech by Lord Noel-Buxton, printed extract from Official Report (HMSO, London, 1944); Britain after the War: The State and Personal Liberty (The Liberal National Council, London, 1944). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/262

1940-1944

Oxford Pamphlets on World Affairs, (Nos. 27, 33, 37, 42, 66, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1940-1944); No. 27, The Baltic by John Hampden Jackson (1940); No. 33, Labour under Nazi rule by William Alexander Robson (1940); No. 37, War and treaties by Arnold Duncan McNair (1940); No. 42, What acts of war are justifiable? by Arthur Lehman Goodhart (1940); No. 66, The uphill war, Sep 1939-Nov 1942 by Robert Charles Kirkwood Ensor (1944). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/263

1940-1945

Publications relating to the Nazi Party, Nazi policies and the German state, 1940-1945, including Nordic twilight by Edward Morgan Forster (Macmillan and Company, London, 1940); A new order for Germany by G O G Luetkens (Stanhope Press, London, 1941); Germany and the Hitlerite State by Rt Hon Noel Edward Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton of Aylsham (reprinted from The Contemporary Review, Jul 1943); The problem of Germany by The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Oxford University Press, London, 1943); The Caste. The Political Role of the German General Staff between 1918 and 1938 by Dr Hans Ebeling (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1945). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/264

1941-1943

Publications relating to Rt Hon Robert Gilbert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart of Denham's perception on the German nation and replies to views expressed in his book Black Record: Germans past and present (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1941), including Roots of the Trouble by Rt Hon Robert Gilbert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart of Denham (Hutchinson and Company, London, 1941); The Germans-are they human? A reply to Sir Robert Vansittart by Prof Harold Joseph Laski (Victor Gollancz Ltd, London, 1941); Germany's Record. A reply to Lord Vansittart (Parliamentary Peace Aims Group, London, 1941); Gollancz in German wonderland by Curt Geyer and Walter Loeb, translated from the German by Edward Fitzgerald (Hutchinson and Company, London, 1942); Commonsense versus Vansittartism by Douglas Brown (National Labour Press, London, 1943). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/265

1946, 1947

Two pamphlets by Victor Gollancz entitled Leaving them to their fate: the ethics of starvation (Victor Gollancz Ltd, London, 1946) and Germany revisited (Victor Gollancz Ltd, London, 1947). 1 file

LIDDELL HART: 15/4/266

1951-1960

Publications relating to Germany, 1951-1960, including Germany's new Nazis by the Anglo-Jewish Association (Jewish Chronicle, London, 1951); article by Oron James Hale entitled 'Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer' reprinted from The American Historical Review (Jul 1955); White Paper of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Anti-Semitic and Nazi Incidents, 25 Dec 1959-28 Jan 1960 (Bonn, 1960). 1 file